The cost of direct air capture and storage can be reduced via strategic deployment but is unlikely to fall below stated cost targets

•Cost of direct air capture and storage (DACS) can fall to $100–600 t-CO2−1•Coupling DACS intermittent renewables is typically not favorable for low costs•Geoeconomic parameters have notable influence on cost•Investment grants are best used support small projects Scientists, policymakers, businesses scrambling understand feasible pathways meet the Paris climate goals, with a strong focus carbon dioxide removal (CDR) that essential net-zero. As prime, but currently costly, CDR technology, technologies deployment routes been examined by many modelling studies, governments working develop policy frameworks steer favourable business conditions. Both efforts striving project when how will be cost-effective. Strategies such as site selection choice electricity sources supposed key cost decline drivers; what yet unclear whether strategies enable optimistic targets, like those preferred US government (i.e., $100 t-CO2-1), met. Via plant-level bottom-up top-down assessment, we find costs could drop $100-600 t-CO2-1 2050 thanks strategic bend capital curve, reach economically viable levels, tailor-made policies almost certainly need put into place. Carbon necessary minimize impact change tackling hard-to-abate sectors historical emissions. Direct an important it remains viable. Here, use engineering-economic model together technological learning projections calculate trajectories four technologies. Our analysis demonstrates these plateau at around mainly via reduction through aggressive deployment, still exceed targets defined countries t-CO2-1). A further existing mechanisms indicates strong, project-catered required create market opportunities, accelerate scale-up lower further. work suggests operation must coupled minimise maximise opportunity make planet-scale impact. vital tool in fight against change. 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Finally, (or low-temperature [LT] liquid solvent Ca looping high-temperature [HT] omitted. Hence, actually plausible ranges portfolio across different geographies remain unavailable. aim address caveat providing methodologically answer where occur due large-scale potential location policy. 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Across sizes studied, initial projections, affected. KOH-Ca 0.5 overlap perfectly. decreasing 0.1 dramatically affects both negatively, ideally built given accuracy estimate, possible process contingencies, variation prices, discount rates, transport uncertainty, singular provide avoided discourse future. accuracy, contingencies reflects immaturity lack design, performance, data. breakdowns S15. dominant proportion weathering. exception BPMED, dominated operating demands. begins progresses. Operating fully matured. Deployment drive rate costs, therefore reductions. 4 renewable comparison provides insight. 3, essentially factors pairing unlikely cost-effective unless comes installations high-capacity factors, offshore wind installations. counters argument run cheap curtailed energy, instance, sharing over total amount would insufficient. Ideally, constantly completely decarbonized grid. Currently, world operated Climeworks. 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Therm. 138: 207-216https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.04.043Crossref (244) utilized heating efficiency gains close urban areas industries. If alone, ∼37 best-case scenario. Keith explicitly state do plant.12Keith Instead, compare "early plant" Nth-of-a-kind (NOAK) plant. $190–260 escalate al.'s tonnes emitted tonne captured.12Keith $260–620 harmonized framework main reason now reflective detail engineering study. cascade fixed maintenance Meanwhile, processes said NOAK So far, investigated deployment. Now attempt translate projected time. depends targeted maximum increases socio-economic, political, variables. handful future, indicative projection time.2Realmonte